Watsons Caring Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Watsons Caring Model - Essay Example More so, professional nurses need to attend to patients with a positive regard and show them unconditional acceptance. Most importantly, Watson suggests that nurses need to spend time with the patients, which he calls caring moment. Watson believes that competent nurses and how they attend to patients makes the patients to feel secure; therefore, according to Watson’s caring model, nurses caring relationship with patients positively relates with the patients quick recovery, quality life and prolongation of life. Watson’s model argues that caring is the essence of nursing as it helps patients to find hope and meaning in sickness and suffering. This essay explores Watsons caring model focusing on the concepts and sub concepts of the theory, the generality of the theory and how it is applied across the culture, and lastly the impacts and its continuing influence. The key components of Watsons caring model include â€Å"carative factors, a transpersonal caring relationship, and caring moments or occasion† (Lachman, 2012). To begin with, carative factors include showing love, kindness and concern displaying sensitivity to oneself and other people’s. More so, carative factors covers understanding and accepting other people’s emotions, feelings and perceptions and convincing them to share their feelings and views, and also establishing supportive and protective environment for the patients. Furthermore, providing basic human needs, spiritual as well as the existential needs of the patient and effectively use interpersonal communication skills to establish trusting and caring relationships also serve as part of carative (Basford and Slevin, 2003). Watson caring model suggest that patients need to be helped in the creative use of self as part of caring (De and Anderson, 2008). Nevertheless, a transpersonal caring interaction c omes in when both the nurse and patient are looking

Enforcement mechanism Essay Example for Free

Enforcement mechanism Essay 1). In the absence of any legally binding enforcement mechanism, individual cartel producers may find it advantageous to cheat on the agreements and engage in secret price concessions. 2). When a promisor fails to put full effort into the performance of an agreement, yet the lack of effort is not independently verifiable, this lack of effort constitutes a 3). The Herfindahl-Hirschman index is a measure of ____. 4). In long-run equilibrium, all firms in a pure competition market situation operating under a condition of certainty will have identical costs even though they may use different production and operation techniques. 5). The distinctive characteristic of an oligopolistic market structure is that there are recognizable interdependencies among the decisions of the firms. 6). The Sherman Act prohibits: 7). Buying electricity off the freewheeling grid at one quarter til the hour for delivery on the hour illustrates: 8). Effective collusion generally is more difficult as the number of oligopolistic firms involved increases. 9). In pure competition: 10). An oligopoly is characterized by: 11). The kinked demand curve model was developed to help explain: 12). The profit-maximizing monopolist, faced with a negative-sloping demand curve, will always produce: 13). Capital expenditures: 14). Which of the following public policies has (have) the effect of restricting competition: 15). The cost of capital can be thought of as the rate of return required by investors in the firms securities. 16). ____ occur whenever a third party receives or bears costs arising from an economic transaction in which the individual (or group) is not a direct participant. 17). A firm in pure competition would shut down when: 18). The expected rate of return from a share of stock consists of: 19). In the purely competitive case, marginal revenue (MR) is equal to 20). In the  short-run for a purely competitive market, a manufacturer will stop production when: 21). Patents have been defended by some on the grounds that they stimulate inventive activity. Others have argued for changes in current patent laws because: 22). A monopoly will always produce less than a purely competitive industry, ceteris paribus. 23). The practice by telephone companies of charging lower long-distance rates at night than during the day is an example of: 24). When the cross elasticity of demand between one product and all other products is low, one is generally referring to a(n) ____ situation. 25). The decision by the Municipal Transit Authority to either refurbish existing buses, buy new large buses, or to supplement the existing fleet with mini-buses is an example of: 26). Which of the following statements is (are) true concerning a pure competition situation? 27). Which of the following are not approaches to resolving the principal-agent problem: 28). If a cartel seeks to maximize profits, the market share (or quota) for each firm should be set at a level such that the ____ of all firms is identical. 29). In the electric power industry, residential customers have relatively ____ demands for electricity compared with large industrial users and generally are charged ____ rates. 30). The largest problem faced in cartel pricing agreements such as OPEC is: 31). Non-redeployable durable assets that are dependent upon unique complementary and perfectly redeployable assets to achieve substantial value-added will typically be organized as 32). Governance mechanisms are designed 33). A(n) ____ is characterized by a relatively small number of firms producing a product. 34). The antitrust laws regulate all of the following business decisions except ____. 36). In the case of pure monopoly:

The Consumer Preference On Green Product Marketing Essay

The Consumer Preference On Green Product Marketing Essay There has been a rising concern on environmental issues worldwide nowadays. Ministry of foreign affairs statistic shows that over the years, the temperature has been rise because of carbon dioxide trapped and green house gases have affected the global climate. This change will affect the people live all over the world. This also includes access to water, health, food and the well being of the environment. Todays consumers have started to recognize that their purchasing behaviors actually cause a big impact to the environment. Therefore, companies should practice offering environmentally friendly products and service to people to prevent this world become worse. Although, Malaysia has undergone an excellent development followed governmental efforts to attract foreign investor to come and invest for a green product development in Malaysia, the action of environmental responsible behavior among Malaysian consumers are still low. One of the examples of the lack of environmental responsible behavior is shown in an article in Bernama whereby garbage thrown by one of the state in Malaysia residents is the main cause of river pollution in the state. According to a survey which was handled on by global market insight and information group, only 8% of Malaysian respondents responded that they have changed their behavior in a greatest deal to benefit the environment on the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviors In addition 83% respondents reported that their views on a companys and their Colleges friendliness to the environment would influence them to purchases a green products and services. Studying the determinants of generation-Y consumers green purchase behavior will be definitely benefit green marketers. Generation-Y (also known as a millennial) is defined as A label attributed to people born during the 1980s and early 1990s. Members of Generation Y are often referred to as echo boomers because they are the children of parents born during the baby boom (baby boomers). Because children born during this time period have had constant access to technology (computers, cell phones) in their youth, they have required many employers to update their hiring strategy in order to incorporate updated forms of technology. In a simple word, generation-Y grew up with a technology and relies on those things to perform their job and their task. In addition, when going through a literature review in Malaysian context, there are still a gap existed between environmental knowledge, intention and behavior towards green product. [Said et al. (2005)]. Even though people that have vast knowledge about green products are not necessarily would buy a green product. Therefore, factors those determine and affect Generation-Y to purchase a green product would be worth to find out. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH Environment is defined as what surrounds a thing or an item or in other words it means the surrounding. It could be a physical element which is physical environment, that includes the built environment, natural environment such as air, water, land, atmosphere and etc or it could be human environment where people surrounding the item or thing which also known as the social environment. Today environment is getting worst and worst. Many environmental issues arise. Environmental concerns have been growing in recent years. One of the examples of environmental issue is global warming. Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities such as burning garbage and waste are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide. The greenhouse effect keeps the earth warm when functioning normally. For the first time in h istory, human activities are altering the climate of our entire planet. According to (Jack, 2010), in less than 2 centuries, humans have increased the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by 25% from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of forests. In addition to the natural fluxes of carbon through the Earth system, human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning and deforestation, are also releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (The Carbon Cycle; the Human Role, Earth Observatory, NASA). Green product is define as a product that produce limited carbon footprints; they may require fewer resources to produce, consume less energy or emit fewer hazardous emissions.  Green product is also a product that is non toxic, water-efficient, and also recyclable and biodegradable. There are many green products that have been produce for people in the market. For example, a household cleaner. Nowadays its nearly impossible to go shopping without finding a plethora of products that claim to be environmentally and consumer friendly. Oddly enough, many cheap and eco-friendly substances, such as vinegar, have been used for years as home cleaners. Whether you buy a green cleaning product at a store or use something on hand in your pantry, you can reap the benefits of choosing products that are gentler on you and the environment. Phosphate-free dishwasher and laundry detergents are also consider a green product because they do not discharge environment-damaging phosphates into waterway s. Other examples of green cleaning products are those labeled certified biodegradable; these have passed several stringent tests relating to biodegradability and environmental impact conducted by an independent certifying agency. According to Consumer Reports, the certified biodegradable label is more meaningful than a general biodegradable label. Glass and metal cleaners, kitchen and bathroom cleaners, and laundry detergents are products that might carry this label. The rationale for going green is twofold. Clearly, the positive effects on the environment are a key driver for purchasing green product.  Green product provides myriad environmental benefits. They can replace toxic materials that may be harmful to people or animals. Also, some products save energy and water, while others limit solid waste and manufacturing releases. Green products create a healthier environment for people through reduced exposure to cleaners, solvents, paints and other hazardous substances. Green product also can reduce allergies. Many families find that their children are suffering from allergies, even though their family history does not necessary say that there are no allergies. In some situations, chemicals found within cleaning products contain allergens. Bleaches, toxic cleaning sprays and other chemicals used to clean the home commonly contain a variety of ingredients specifically able to cause or trigger allergies in people.   Generation Y are the cool generation, they embrace brand and live in the new world of digitize communication. Thus that might be interesting to find their perception and their level of awareness towards environmental issues that the world is facing nowadays. Gen Y has grown up in a very structure, busy and over planned world. Also, Gen Y is made up of confident, optimistic young people who feel valued and wanted. In a article of science daily, Gen-Y is a people that will go all the way when it comes to saving the environment as long as it benefit to world economic and environment. They are maturing into a pragmatic generation that wants to do the right thing for the environment but also has real economic concerns 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Consumers or practically customers are the sellers and buyers that boost the countrys economy. Therefore, many firms are actually putting many efforts in order to attract more customers because these customers create businesses opportunities and generate profits to them. As the world nowadays facing so many problems regarding to an environmental issue, the consumers and their attitudes or behaviors to purchase a green product are the important factors to be considered. Consumers nowadays have more choices due to the effects of globalization. They will prefer the function of the product rather than the brand or whatsoever to ensure a healthier future. To determine the current level of Gen-y consumers preference towards the green products. To determine what are the determinants or factors of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine the consequences or effects of Gen-y consumer preferences towards the green product. To determine consumer level of awareness of Gen-y consumer towards green product. 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Awareness towards environmental issue that the world nowadays facing play a major role encourage people to purchase a green product. Thus, this study is attempts to relate on the various variables that influence consumer especially generation-Y to purchase a green product. The objectives are as the following: * To study the factors affecting the consumer especially Gen-Y to purchase green product. Gen-y is a new generation and It is crucial to understand as they are more advance and modernize. Thus, several researches have been conducted in order to understand consumers in a way that how they behave, and what are the factors that cause them to behave or react to the responses of the products. Leading factors such as price and quality are always the top concerns to the consumers. Product attributes will moderate the effects of price on quality judgments. Partial of the consumers may focus on buying low prices goods and neglect the quality of the products. This group of consumers takes the price as a measure of sacrifice. For instance, consumers take the price served as the benchmark for comparing utility gains from the quality of the product. One the other hand, some portion of the consumers will be willing to pay a premium price for the quality and function of the products, as they are very sensitive to the signals of the quality of one product. Thus, it is hope that this stud y will contribute further to the understanding of factors of price and quality that may lead to the consumers prefer for a green product * To understand the awareness level of people about Go Green campaign. Nowadays, there are many environmental campaign have been organized by a government and private sector. This campaign is aim to encourage people to more concern about the environment. Thus, it is hope that this study will explore how people react to a environmental campaign and what is their level of awareness about the awareness campaign. * To examine the benefit for people involvement in Go Green program. We might be asking, how we will benefit from getting involved in this environmental campaign. Well, recently there has been an increase in events directly related to the availability of natural resources. For example energy shortages that resulted to load shedding, change in weather patterns and water shortages. As a result, civil society is recognizing the need to manage our natural resources more effectively and responsibly. In doing so, we can ensure positive effects on our health, quality of life and even the cost of living. Thus, this study will help people to getting known more about what they will gain if they participate in the environmental campaign. *To discover what consumer perception towards green product. In curiosity to identify what are the main components or criteria that consumer especially gen-Y are looking forward in order to purchase a green product. It is true that each and every one of us are special and unique in the way we are, thus, every consumer has their very own perception in purchasing a green product. Different people from different backgrounds may have different perceptions on these products. In addition to that, different demographic groups may have different perceptions to this kind of product as well. Thus, this study will help to identify whether the consumer especially gen-y prefer to buy a green product or not to safe a mother of earth. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This study is crucial as there are a lot of green products have been selling nowadays. Obviously, when we talk about green product, the price for that particular item might be so expensive. The study on factors affecting consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product may allow us to know in depth why are previous efforts taken does not produce as it is thought it would be. Based on the study conducted, motivations towards the environment, knowledge on green product, social norm, awareness and self-image have an impact on the consumer especially Gen-Y buying a green product. Government may need to enhance its program in educating people green product. New and more interesting Go Green program and method is a definite necessity in motivating people to increase their interest/awareness on a green product and indirectly motivates them to purchase it. 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The research focus on students in Multimedia University (MMU) Melaka campus and teenagers from outside the campus which comes from various demographic backgrounds such as the faculty, ethnicity and nationality. The focused respondents are a great resemblance on the exact population in Malaysia. 1.6 ORGANIZATIONAL OF RESEARCH 1.6.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Regarding this chapter, it introduce the background of this research such as why do people as a consumer buy a green product. Thus, this will create a strong preference among the gen-y consumers locally and abroad to consume and purchase green products. These sections will explain in details in the of consumers preferences from the Malaysian perspective and as well from the global view for green products. This chapter also recognized the problem statement and the research objectives for this research. Finally, the justification of the research will help to justify the benefits and those who will gain in this research. Chapter 2 : Literature Review A thorough study will be conducted on the dependent variable and independent variables. The main purpose for this chapter is to weigh the pros and cons of the topic and to discuss in details on the ideas and knowledge concerned. In this chapter, every definition of the dependent variable and independent variables will be cited from the journals in order to strengthen every point mentioned. Several of arguments and various points of views from different authors in order to provide a stronger formation of each point can be founded in this chapter. In addition to that, this chapter explains the relationships on several independent variables relate to the dependent variables. 1.6.2 Chapter 3 : Research Methodology Research methodology is usually conducted after the thorough study of literature review. In this chapter, theoretical framework will be form to illustrate the relationships between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Hypotheses or a proposed explanation which were made on the basis of limited evidences will explain the relationships between two or more variables. All the hypotheses stated will be tested together with empirical data. This chapter also includes the description of the sampling data, data collections and as well as the development of the questionnaire for this research. Chapter 4 : Data Analysis After questionnaires are collected from all the respondents, then few tests will be conducted to test on the validity and reliability of the results. The responds of the questionnaires from the respondents are represented by a set of numbers that symbolize their own significant meanings. Whereas the tests that will be carry out are to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the end of this research. Chapter 5 : Conclusion This chapter will provide the final outcome of this research. Thus, the final results will be explained and we will be able to identify how the exact hypotheses that formed earlier are hold. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Environmental quality in Malaysia According to report from Department of Environment Malaysia, 2006, Malaysia experienced a short period of slight to moderate haze due to trans-boundary pollution from neighboring countries. Different states have the differed air quality status according to the geographical locations, the industrial and commercial activities, populated areas and the traffic conditions. During that period, especially in Klang Valley, one of the area in Malaysia was more exposed to be effects to air pollution than any other areas. Statistic shows that, the air quality there was good only 23% of the time, moderate 70% of the time and the remaining 7% at an unhealthy level. As a developing country, Malaysia faced in a numerous challenge to ensure a balance between environmental sustainability and development. River quality, urban air, deforestation, household and hazardous waste are some of the major serious and worrying environmental problems faced by the country According to The Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) report, Malaysian government allocated RM510 million for cleaning, preserving and beautifying rivers; RM530 million for coastal management; RM200 million for reforestation; and another RM70 million for the management of wildfire and protected areas to ensure environmental sustainability and resource management. In a global environment article stated that, Solid waste is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia. It plays a significant role in the ability of Nature to sustain life within its capacity. Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020. The amount of waste generated will continues to increase. It is because due to the increasing population and development in this country. It will be assume that, it will be only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled. Rivers represent the lease of life which pulses through the earth. It is a finite and only source of water. In Malaysia, there are almost 1800 rivers. Sadly, more than half of these rivers have been polluted and destroyed. Improper solid waste management contributes greatly to river pollution. Improper solid waste management also contributes to climate change decomposing waste produces methane and production of new products to meet demand emits greenhouse gases and utilizes natural resources. Therefore, a change towards more sustainable consumption patterns is required. 2.1.1 Concern of environment There are many reasons and factors that affect consumer especially Gen-Y to buy a green product. According to  Mostafa (2007), green purchase behavior or environmental friendly buying behavior is the ingesting of products that are beneficial to the environment, recyclable or conservable, Sensitive and responsive to ecological concerns. Concern for the environment is perceived to be important in encouraging consumer to participate in green program and also buying a green product. Research finding suggest that, moral concerns determine several curtailment behaviors (Goldstein et al., 2008; Hage et al., 2009). However, studies on the influence of moral concerns on consumer high involvement buying decisions with environmental implications are rare (Thà ¸gersen, 2005). This is a problem since overlooking an influential determinant might hinder or delay successful diffusion of environmentally friendlier products and innovations. Consumer identify environmental protection as a priority f or governmental policies and this interest has led to an increase in ethical production-for both consumer and non-consumer products (  Finisterra do Paà §o  et al., 2009). Sensitivity to environmental issues shifts consumer behavior towards supporting the growth and diffusion of green marketing and ecologically-conscious consumer behavior including: consumer preference for greener firms, increase in demand for greener products. (Alsmadi, 2008; Finisterra do Pacao et al.,2009) found that greater awareness of environmental problems, increased media coverage, impact of major industrial disasters on public opinion, and the rise of pressure group activities are among the factors driving environmental concerns. 2.2 Green marketing Grant, John.(2008)define the green as a brand that that offers a significant eco-advantage over the incumbents and which hence appeals to those who are willing to making green a high priority. Soonthonsmai (2008) defined a green marketing as the activities that have been action by firms that are really concern about the environment by convey the environmentally sound goods or services to build and create consumers satisfaction. Other definitions of green marketing as suggested by marketing scholars are include social marketing, ecological marketing or environmental marketing. Harrison (2008) suggest that green marketing strategy by firms through positioning the environmental benefits of green products to consumers perception to influence their purchasing decision. Peatitie (2007) and Welford (2000) defined green marketing as the management process responsible for identifying and satisfying the requirements of customers and society in a profitable and sustainable way. In reality, comp anies that are going to pursue green marketing encounter various challenges mainly from the variability of demand, un-favorable consumer perception and high cost (Gurau and Ranchhod, 2008). The most key concern lies in an understanding of green consumers and their characteristics and it will help firm to enable and to develop a new target and segmentation strategies (DSouza et al., 2008). Dwyer (2009) defined green as the products to be designed, commercialized, and used which are capable of reducing sources of pollution and minimizing risks to human health and the environment. On the other hand, there are product sector speci ¬Ã‚ c examples of research on green buying process, such as food and household products (Vantomme et al., 2005) and clothes (Shaw et al., 2006) 2.2.1 Consumer preference on green product The dependent variable in this study is the factor that affecting consumer preferences for green products. Everyone in this Earth, play a major role as a consumer. Consumers are the main factors that boost a countrys economy. Each and every consumer has their very own perspective and preferences towards what they consume. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. DSouza  et al.  (2006a)  found out in their research that consumers perception on green products did not influence by any criteria such as packaging, label and ingredient of a product. The important finding from  DSouza  et al.  (2006)  was that green consumers will be rely more on their personal experience in using the green product rather than assess a green product base on marketers provided information. Interestingly, this finding however contradicts to Taghian and Lambs finding. They found that consumers are getting more environmental information by look at a product labels before deciding to purchase it. It is mean that, labels are important to capture consumer impression to buy a green product. Rashid (2009)  in his study stated that eco label is an important factor that would enable consumers to make the right purchase choice if they faced with a situation that required them to taking their consideration of the environmental impact on a product that they wish to purchase. The importance of consumers has lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. Barr and Gilg (2006) was found that green purchasing behavior was the least popular activity alongside activities such as recycling and habitual household activities. However, not surprisingly, green consumers do consider environmental factors when purchasing products, but engaged more frequently in activities such as switching off lights and recycling paper (daily activities). Wheale and Hinton (2007) suggested that amongst the population of green consumers there is a hierarchy of importance of ethical drivers in the purchase decision-making process. The environment and the quality of the product was rated as the most important ethical driver during purchasing decisions. The finding from  DSouza  et al.  (2006)  was if product is lower in quality, consumers would not have interested to purchase the products eve n though they were always reading labels outside the product. Furthermore, if ordinary product is more expensive compared to a green product, consumers might have intention to buy green products because of the benefit and the cost. Therefore,  DSouza  et al.  (2006)  concluded from their study that consumers were not compromised to lower product quality. 2.3 Knowledge and attitude towards environment and green product Knowledge and attitude towards environment are very important to influcence consumer especially Gen-Y To purchase green products. There is a general belief among the researchers and also the environmental activists that by purchasing environmentally friendly products or green products, products with a recyclable packaging or properly disposing of non-biodegradable garbage, consumers indirectly can contribute significantly in order to enhance the quality of the environment (Abdul-Muhmim, 2007). The quality of the environment depends critically on the level of knowledge, attitudes, values and practices of consumers (Mansaray and Abijoye, 2005). Attitudes are the most consistent clarifying factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006). This means, price is not the main cause in avert consumers from purchasing green products if they are pro-environment. Researcher also found that Influencing consumer behaviour is a complex and difficult task r equiring knowledge of its determinants. The most convincing support of the growing influence of the ecologically-friendly consumer is the increase in the number of individuals that are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products (Bang et al., 2005). 2.4 Social norm and value perception influence consumer to buy green product. Studies have also investigated the effect social influence has affect consumer especially Gen-Y purchase green product.The interest in green initiatives is not expected to emanate only from external impositions and inducements but also from the internal sense of responsibility of a firm towards the society in which it exists. For green issues, such sensitivity is intensified by increasing environmental problems such as global warming and pollution. Such problems may also raise awareness and interest of a firm to behave in a more socially responsible manner and reflect an image of due diligence and commitment to sustainability. Green purchasing is primarily motivated by a certain degree of consumer ecological consciousness. Frey and Stutzer (2006) identify a number reasons behind environmental motivation: intrinsic motivations, altruism, internalized norms and social norms. Social norms lead individuals to take into consideration the opinions of the other members of society when choosing a green product over another: if they think that their acquaintances approve of green product purchase and disapprove of standard product purchase, there are encouraged to buy green products. (Ewing, 2005) stated that social norms are an important motivator of ecologically responsible behaviour. The strength of the normative influence of the consumers family and social groups on purchasing decisions depends on the characteristics of the product (e.g. luxury rather than a necessity). Value perception is the conception one has of oneself. Study in marketing influence on consumer purchase decision on green product, value perception was influencing green behaviours. This agrees to Lee(2008) finding value perception as the third predictor of her study. Apart from behavioral aspects, numerous studies have also looked at the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic variables and purchase green product involvement. Kinnear, T. and Taylor, J. (1973) stated that there has been no signi ¬Ã‚ cant link found between demographic segmentation and green purchase. This could be due to the notion that different groups of people relate to different parts of the environmental agenda Peattie, K. (1995). There have been contradictory results of younger and older age groups concerns about environmental issues Peattie, K. (1995). There is, however, a belief that environmental concern is directly related to a consumers level of education Balderjahn, I. (1988). Based on four surveys, Hines et al. found no relationship with gender. Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Overview Methodology is a system of methods used in a particular research. Research methodology normally comes after defining the problems and completing the thorough of the literature review. Research methodology which has been implemented to collect, investigate and as well as interpreting data obtained for the testing of the hypothesis will be discussed. Theoretical framework will be formed in this chapter in order to illustrate the relationships in between the dependent variable and independent variables. Besides that, hypotheses were developed and will be discussed together with the explanations in conjunction with the dependent variable and the independent variables. On top of that, plans of the sampling method, data collection methods and as well as the development of the questionnaires are included in this chapter. Finally, the data analysis and the hypotheses testing will carry out to analyze the responses from the respondents so that it will derive to a stronger conclusion at the en d of this research. 3.2 Theoretical Framework Figure 3.1 below illustrates a theoretical framework that shows the relationships in between the dependent variable and the independent variables. Knowledge Country Factors affecting Gen-y consumer in Malaysia buying a green product Attitude Social Norm Value Perception 3.3 Explanation of Framework The preferences of consumers for green products are subjective. Consumer from different demographic factors such as background and society may influence their behavior in making decisions while to purchase products. Whether they have a greater of favor to green products or to ordinary products are just hard to predict. Thus, it is undeniable that consumers preferences and their perspective towards goods and services are hard to predict. The importances of consumers have lead to many researches to be conducted in order to study on their behavior and attitudes towards what they perceived on the products. The knowledge, which is one of the factors that might cause preferences for consumers to make purchases for green products. The first thing that came across consumers mind is the brands and firms that produce a green product. Thus, the brand image of the company has help by providing hints to the consumers in summarizing the information from that certain product. According to Grunert (1993), knowledge of the benefits of a green products use on the environment may have an impact on whether or not that product is purchased and used. Besides that, consumers also prefer to purchase a green product with a lower cost. The attitude is another most influential factor in consumer preferences for green products. Consumers normally are not really aware about our environment is

The Decline of Womens Roles in Early Christianity Essay -- World Hist

The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity "Suddenly Jesus met them and said, `Greetings!' And they came to him, took hold of his feet, and worshiped him." (Matthew 28:9)# Near the end of each of the four Christian gospels, it is women who first discovered that the body of Jesus was missing and who were the first to report seeing him after his death. Certainly then, this is a major indication of the high involvement of women in early Christianity. With such high status undoubtedly must have come power, influence, and important positions in the early Church. But by approximately 750 C.E women had lost these major roles in the Church, and the power and influence they once had. This essay will examine the decline of women's roles in early Christianity, and argue that this loss of power was a direct result of the canons of early Eastern and Western Church councils, which were founded on patriarchal notions. Before delving into why women lost positions in the early Church, it's best to first discuss what roles or positions they held. To begin, there were the wives of priests and various other church officials, who functioned as respected co-workers along side their husbands.# It is important to state though, that wives did not carry out the duties of their husbands. Next, was the order of widows, normally older women who had been married to only one man, and who had consecrated themselves to the church, after the death of their husbands, in order to pray for the clergy and congregation.# Deaconess was yet another position held by women. Although a deaconess did not have the same responsibilities as a priest, their specific role was to instruct female catechumens in the doctrines of the Christian faith, help to baptize... ...drickson Publishers Inc., 1998. Coogan, Michael D., Editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2001. Eisen, Ute E. Women Officeholders in Early Christianity. Translated by Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict Inc., 2000. Kraemer, Ross Shepard, and Mary Rose D'Angelo. Women and Christian Origins. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Markus, R.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Scholer, David M. Women in Early Christianity. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Williams, Stephen, and Gerard Friell, Editors. Theodosius the Empire at Bay. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity Essay -- World Hist The Decline of Women's Roles in Early Christianity "Suddenly Jesus met them and said, `Greetings!' And they came to him, took hold of his feet, and worshiped him." (Matthew 28:9)# Near the end of each of the four Christian gospels, it is women who first discovered that the body of Jesus was missing and who were the first to report seeing him after his death. Certainly then, this is a major indication of the high involvement of women in early Christianity. With such high status undoubtedly must have come power, influence, and important positions in the early Church. But by approximately 750 C.E women had lost these major roles in the Church, and the power and influence they once had. This essay will examine the decline of women's roles in early Christianity, and argue that this loss of power was a direct result of the canons of early Eastern and Western Church councils, which were founded on patriarchal notions. Before delving into why women lost positions in the early Church, it's best to first discuss what roles or positions they held. To begin, there were the wives of priests and various other church officials, who functioned as respected co-workers along side their husbands.# It is important to state though, that wives did not carry out the duties of their husbands. Next, was the order of widows, normally older women who had been married to only one man, and who had consecrated themselves to the church, after the death of their husbands, in order to pray for the clergy and congregation.# Deaconess was yet another position held by women. Although a deaconess did not have the same responsibilities as a priest, their specific role was to instruct female catechumens in the doctrines of the Christian faith, help to baptize... ...drickson Publishers Inc., 1998. Coogan, Michael D., Editor. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2001. Eisen, Ute E. Women Officeholders in Early Christianity. Translated by Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville: The Order of St. Benedict Inc., 2000. Kraemer, Ross Shepard, and Mary Rose D'Angelo. Women and Christian Origins. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1999. MacDonald, Margaret Y. Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Markus, R.A. Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Scholer, David M. Women in Early Christianity. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Williams, Stephen, and Gerard Friell, Editors. Theodosius the Empire at Bay. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Presentation of John Proctor Essay

Arthur Miller’s presentation of John Proctor’s ‘moral journey’.  It is mentioned in the Old Testament (Exodus 22:18), â€Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.† It was on the authority of this one sentence in the Bible that 19 witches were hanged in Salem in 1692.  To Arthur Miller, the McCarthy Hearings bore an alarming resemblance to the trials in Salem in 1692. The Crucible was his way of trying to keep history from repeating itself. McCarthy claimed America was in great danger from a Communist conspiracy to take over the world, and the people of Salem had similar views on Witchcraft. No one missed the parallels between 1692 Salem and 1953 America. But, many said, â€Å"Witches never did exist, then or now. Communists are real.† Some critics complained that the play was too cold and intellectual. Others said it wasn’t a play at all, but some kind of outburst, a political speech.  Moral- of or relating to character and human behaviour, particularly as regards to right and wrong.  Journey- a travelling or going from one place to another. Everybody, including John Proctor, has morals. They are an essential distinction of character. Everybody’s morals will differ, as it is your individual opinion of right and wrong. As a child you are taught right and wrong by your parents and at this moment you embark on your moral journey. Throughout life certain events will change the way you think; your opinion on certain matters, and inevitably, your morals. This evolution of character is not however a strictly long-term process that takes years of unforgettable proceedings and experiences to alter. Single events and circumstances can see your morals change instantaneously and it is consequently interesting to see how this applies to John Proctor and to scrutinise on how his morals change and develop in the midst of the bizarre course of events. Arthur Miller creates a very theocratic and puritan society when portraying Salem. The society and community of Salem orientates entirely around the church. The community has very strict religious views and ethics, and does not believe in any other way or possible system. The people of Salem are restrained by religious laws imposed by strict traditionalistic leaders who, through the church have been given power and control over the society and enforce it through hellfire teachings and the prevailing threat that God is watching them. No one dares to say an ungodly word against the church or speak their own mind and this creates a very tense and uneasy ambience where everybody fears for themselves to be corrupted in their own mind and commit and incriminating thought, though they know only to well that the realms of their mind are just about the only place of safe freedom of opinion. Though the majority of the people of Salem are content and tolerant with their situation a silent minority are not. These people however, would never stand up and declare their true beliefs and intent for fear of being hung. It appears that something has to give in this unsustainable situation and a single spark or event could set of a devastating mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e of carnage and mayhem.  John Proctor is the main character in the play of The Crucible. At the outset of the play, he does not appear to be a central character, but as the story develops, one can see that the importance of his existence and the reason behind his presence are soon made known.  John Proctor is a farmer in his middle thirties. He is not a man of any real authority or weight but Proctor need not be and is none the less respected and even feared in Salem. Even-tempered and not easily led he has a sharp and biting way with hypocrites. He cannot refuse support to partisans without drawing their deepest resentment. In Proctor’s presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly and Proctor was always marked for calumny therefore. However, the steady manner he displays is an inimitable front to hide his troubled soul. Proctor is a sinner, not only against the moral fashion of the time, but against his own vision of decent conduct. He is god at containing and suppressing this and the man carries a distinct quiet confidence and an unexpressed hidden force. Deep inside his own mind however he is afraid, afraid of dying without confessing his sins and that his wife will not forgive him for his sins. Proctor is confused and a closer look shows that what he really desires is not his wife’s forgiveness but his own acceptance and consequential self-forgiveness of the sins that he is only too aware of.  Proctor is a man of strong opinion; he has many morals and views, and is not afraid to speak out against a cause he disagrees with. One such cause is the church and the authority of the reverend Paris, Proctor is quite blunt in expressing his disapproval and at one-point states, while in front of Paris, â€Å"I like not the smell of this authority†. For a man like Proctor the situation in this society is far from idyllic. His morals are undistinguished, and he is aware of the mental confusion and repression being created.  Miller uses a number of devices within his play-script to present the character of John Proctor. Using Proctor himself Miller portrays his character by using Proctor’s speech, fears and how he behaves. Other characters in the play also help to define the farmer’s character, by their speech, thoughts and behaviour which all change as the play progresses. Miller deliberately puts Proctor in scenes and situations that will cause discomfort and uneasiness for the farmer, like the courtroom scenes in act three where Elizabeth lies. It is Proctor’s conversations with Abigail however that heightens Proctor’s sense of embarrassment. In a society as restrained and suppressed as Salem it is surprising to note the free speech of Abigail. She is often blunt and persuasive to people of authority and it is a wonder that they never pick up on her allusion. It is this allusion that infuriates Proctor as only he can see through it and he is frustrated and discouraged by the power she resultantly gains. Juxtaposed with Elizabeth’s negative perception of Proctor’s sins it is visibly demonstrated that Miller is deliberately making things hard for Proctor.  It seems that Miller is ‘out to get’ Proctor just as much as Parris is and throughout the whole play Miller is constantly showing and presenting scenes and situations in a thorny complexion for Proctor that maximises every opportunity to emphasise his problems with temptation and the moral dilemma that this creates for the, as Miller would present, ‘fallen’ man.

Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points Speech

Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points Speech On Jan. 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson stood in front of a joint session of Congress and gave a speech known as The Fourteen Points. At the time, the world was embroiled in the First World War and Wilson was hoping to find a way to not only end the war peacefully but to ensure it never would  happen again. A Policy of Self-Determination Today and then, Woodrow Wilson is viewed as both a highly intelligent president and a hopeless idealist. The Fourteen Points speech was in part based on Wilsons own diplomatic leanings, but also written with the research assistance of his secret panel of experts known as The Inquiry. These men included the likes of crusading journalist Walter Lippman and several distinguished historians, geographers, and political scientists. The Inquiry was led by presidential advisor Edward House and assembled in 1917 to help Wilson prepare to start negotiations to end World War I. Much of the intent of Wilsons Fourteen Points speech was to oversee the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian empire, set out the overarching rules of behavior, and ensure that the United States would only play a minor role in the reconstruction. Wilson considered self-determination a crucial part of the successful establishment of the disparate states in the aftermath of the war. At the same time, Wilson himself recognized the inherent danger in creating states whose populations were ethnically divided. Returning Alsace-Lorraine to France, and restoring Belgium were relatively straightforward. But what to do about Serbia, with a major percentage of the non-Serbian population? How could Poland have access to the sea without including territories owned by ethnic Germans? How can Czechoslovakia include three million ethnic Germans in Bohemia? The decisions that were made by Wilson and The Inquiry did not resolve those conflicts, although it is likely that Wilsons 14th point creating a League of Nations, was proffered in an attempt to build infrastructure to resolve those conflicts going forward. But the same dilemma exists unresolved today: How to safely balance self-determination and ethnic disparity? Summary of the Fourteen Points Since many of the countries involved in WWI had been drawn into it to honor long-standing, private alliances, Wilson asked that there be no more secret alliances (Point 1). And since the United States had specifically entered the war because of Germanys announcement of unlimited submarine warfare, Wilson advocated for the open use of the seas (Point 2). Wilson also proposed open trade between countries (Point 3) and the reduction of armaments (Point 4). Point 5 addressed the needs of colonial peoples and Points 6 through 13 discussed specific land claims per country. Point 14 was the most important on Woodrow Wilsons list; it advocated for an international organization to be established that would be responsible for helping to keep peace among the nations. This organization was later established and called the League of Nations. Reception Wilsons speech was well received in the United States, with some notable exceptions, including former president Theodore Roosevelt, who described it as both high-sounding and meaningless. The Fourteen Points were accepted by the Allied Powers, as well as by Germany and Austria as the basis for peace negotiations. The only covenant of the League of Nations that was totally rejected by the allies was a provision pledging the members of the league to ensure religious freedom. However, Wilson became physically ill at the start of the Paris Peace Conference, and French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau was able to advance his own countrys demands beyond what was laid out in the 14 Points speech. The differences between the Fourteen Points and the resulting Treaty of Versailles raised great anger in Germany, leading to the rise of National Socialism, and ultimately the Second World War. The Full Text of Woodrow Wilsons 14 Points Speech Gentlemen of the Congress: Once more, as repeatedly before, the spokesmen of the Central Empires have indicated their desire to discuss the objects of the war and the possible basis of a general peace. Parleys have been in progress at Brest-Litovsk between Russsian representatives and representatives of the Central Powers to which the attention of all the belligerents have been invited for the purpose of ascertaining whether it may be possible to extend these parleys into a general conference with regard to terms of peace and settlement. The Russian representatives presented not only a perfectly definite statement of the principles upon which they would be willing to conclude peace but also an equally definite program of the concrete application of those principles. The representatives of the Central Powers, on their part, presented an outline of settlement which, if much less definite, seemed susceptible of liberal interpretation until their specific program of practical terms was added. That program proposed no concessions at all either to the sovereignty of Russia or to the preferences of the populations with whose fortunes it dealt, but meant, in a word, that the Central Empires were to keep every foot of territory their armed forces had occupied- every province, every city, every point of vantage- as a permanent addition to their territories and their power. Russian-Led Negotiations It is a reasonable conjecture that the general principles of settlement which they at first suggested originated with the more liberal statesmen of Germany and Austria, the men who have begun to feel the force of their own peoples thought and purpose, while the concrete terms of actual settlement came from the military leaders who have no thought but to keep what they have got. The negotiations have been broken off. The Russian representatives were sincere and in earnest. They cannot entertain such proposals of conquest and domination. The whole incident is full of significances. It is also full of perplexity. With whom are the Russian representatives dealing? For whom are the representatives of the Central Empires speaking? Are they speaking for the majorities of their respective parliaments or for the minority parties, that military and imperialistic minority which has so far dominated their whole policy and controlled the affairs of Turkey and of the Balkan states which have felt obliged to become their associates in this war? The Russian representatives have insisted, very justly, very wisely, and in the true spirit of modern democracy, that the conferences they have been holding with the Teutonic and Turkish statesmen should be held within open, not closed, doors, and all the world has been the audience, as was desired. To whom have we been listening, then? To those who speak the spirit and intention of the resolutions of the German Reichstag of the 9th of July last, the spirit and intention of the Liberal leaders and parties of Germany, or to those who resist and defy that spirit and intention and insist upon conquest and subjugation? Or are we listening, in fact, to both, unreconciled and in open and hopeless contradiction? These are very serious and pregnant questions. Upon the answer to them depends the peace of the world. The Challenge of Brest-Litovsk But, whatever the results of the parleys at Brest-Litovsk, whatever the confusions of counsel and of purpose in the utterances of the spokesmen of the Central Empires, they have again attempted to acquaint the world with their objects in the war and have again challenged their adversaries to say what their objects are and what sort of settlement they would deem just and satisfactory. There is no good reason why that challenge should not be responded to and responded to with the utmost candor. We did not wait for it. Not once, but again and again, we have laid our whole thought and purpose before the world, not in general terms only, but each time with sufficient definition to make it clear what sort of definite terms of settlement must necessarily spring out of them. Within the last week, Mr. Lloyd George has spoken with admirable candor and in admirable spirit for the people and Government of Great Britain. There is no confusion of counsel among the adversaries of the Central Powers, no uncertainty of principle, no vagueness of detail. The only secrecy of counsel, the only lack of fearless frankness, the only failure to make a definite statement of the objects of the war, lies with Germany and her allies. The issues of life and death hang upon these definitions. No statesman who has the least conception of his responsibility ought for a moment to permit himself to continue this tragical and appalling outpouring of blood and treasure unless he is sure beyond a peradventure that the objects of the vital sacrifice are part and parcel of the very life of Society and that the people for whom he speaks think them right and imperative as he does. Defining Principles of Self-Determination There is, moreover, a voice calling for these definitions of principle and of purpose which is, it seems to me, more thrilling and more compelling than any of the many moving voices with which the troubled air of the world is filled. It is the voice of the Russian people. They are prostrate and all but hopeless, it would seem, before the grim power of Germany, which has hitherto known no relenting and no pity. Their power, apparently, is shattered. And yet their soul is not subservient. They will not yield either in principle or in action. Their conception of what is right, of what is humane and honorable for them to accept, has been stated with a frankness, a largeness of view, a generosity of spirit, and a universal human sympathy which must challenge the admiration of every friend of mankind; and they have refused to compound their ideals or desert others that they themselves may be safe. They call to us to say what it is that we desire, in what, if in anything, our purpose and our spirit differ from theirs; and I believe that the people of the United States would wish me to respond, with utter simplicity and frankness. Whether their present leaders, believe it or not, it is our heartfelt desire and hopes that some way may be opened whereby we may be privileged to assist the people of Russia to attain their utmost hope of liberty and ordered peace. The Processes of Peace It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part, we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The program of the worlds peace, therefore, is our program; and that program, the only possible program, as we see it, is this: The Fourteen Points I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act, the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Righting Wrongs In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right, we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We stand together until the end. For such arrangements and covenants, we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this program does remove. We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this program that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if sh e is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace-loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world,- the new world in which we now live,- instead of a place of mastery. Neither do we presume to suggest to her any alteration or modification of her institutions. But it is necessary, we must frankly say, and necessary as a preliminary to any intelligent dealings with her on our part, that we should know whom her spokesmen speak for when they speak to us, whether for the Reichstag majority or for the military party and the men whose creed is imperial domination. Justice to All People and Nationalities We have spoken now, surely, in terms too concrete to admit of any further doubt or question. An evident principle runs through the whole program I have outlined. It is the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safety with one another, whether they be strong or weak. Unless this principle be made its foundation no part of the structure of international justice can stand. The people of the United States could act upon no other principle; and to the vindication of this principle, they are ready to devote their lives, their honor, and everything they possess. The moral climax of this the culminating and final war for human liberty has come, and they are ready to put their own strength, their own highest purpose, their own integrity and devotion to the test. Sources: Chace, James. The Wilsonian Moment? The Wilson Quarterly (1976-) 25.4 (2001): 34-41. Print. Jacobson, Harold K. Structuring the Global System: American Contributions to International Organization. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 428 (1976): 77-90. Print. Lynch, Allen. Woodrow Wilson and the Principle of National Self-Determination: A Reconsideration. Review of International Studies 28.2 (2002): 419-36. Print. Tucker, Robert W. Woodrow Wilsons New Diplomacy. World Policy Journal 21.2 (2004): 92-107. Print.

Spanish Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting

Spanish Verbs of Remembering and Forgetting The most common Spanish verbs of remembering and forgetting are recordar and olvidar, respectively. Verbs For Remembering and Forgetting Recordar: Here are some examples of recordar in use. Note that it is conjugated irregularly, following the pattern of - in other words, the of the stem becomes. Recuerdo que nuestro equipo era impresionante. I remember that our team was incredible. ¿Ya no recuerdas cuando eras un nià ±o? You still dont remember when you where a child?Firefox no quiere recordar mis contraseà ±as. Firefox doesnt want to remember my passwords.No recuerdo donde fue mi primer beso. I dont remember where my first kiss was.Siempre te recordaremos. We will always remember you. Etymology:Recordar comes from the Latinrecordari, meaning to remember. Interestingly,recordar is a cousin of the wordcorazà ³n, meaning heart, as the heart has been thought of as the center of memory and emotions. False-friend alert: Except in poor translations from English, recordar is not used for meaning to record. Verbs used for that purpose include anotar (to write down) and grabar (to make a sound or video recording). Acordarse de: Also commonly used for to remember is the reflexive verb acordarse followed by the preposition de. As you might have guessed, acordarse is also a cousin of corazà ³n. It also is conjugated following the same pattern as recordar. Me acuerdo de la brisa que nos acariciaba. I remember the breeze that would caress us. ¿Por quà © a veces nos acordamos de lo que soà ±amos y otras veces no? Why do we sometimes remember what we dream and other times we dont?La respuesta corta a la pregunta es no, no se acordaron de nosotros. The short answer to the question is no, they didnt remember us.No quiero acordarme de ayer. I dont want to remember yesterday. Rememorar: Spanish does have a cognate of remember, rememorar, but it isnt used very often, and then usually to refer to an event being memorialized or recognized: Presidente Correa rememorà ³ la masacre del 2 de agosto. President Correa remembered the Aug. 2 massacre. Olvidar: Olvidar is the only verb in common use that means to forget. It sometimes is used in the reflexive form, often in the phrase olvidarse de, which can (but doesnt always) suggest deliberate forgetting. In some areas, olvidarse without the de is common. Los Spurs olvidaron el estilo que los habà ­a distinguido. The Spurs forgot the style that had distinguished them. ¡Ayà ºdame! Olvidà © mi contraseà ±a de Hotmail. Help! I forgot my Hotmail password.No voy a olvidar nunca mi visita a Mlaga. Ill never forget my visit to Mlaga.Me olvidarà © que fuiste mà ­o y que ahora te perderà ©. Ill forget that you were mine and that now I will lose you. ¿Por quà © nos olvidamos de fechas importantes? Why do we forget important dates? ¡No olvidemos lo nuestro! Lets not forget whats ours! Often olvidarse can function like gustar, in that the thing forgotten becomes the subject of the verb, and the person(s) who forgot becomes the indirect object: Es un video que no se te olvidar nunca. Its a video youll never forget. (Literally, its a video that will never be forgotten to you.)Un dà ­a se me olvidaron las llaves del carro. One day I forgot the car keys.Se me olvidà ³ el coche en el autolavado y cerraba a las 6. I forgot the car in the car wash and it closed at 6. Etymology: Olvidar comes from the Latin oblitus, forgetful, making it a cousin of English words such as oblivion and oblivious. Sources Sources used in this lesson include  Fotolog.com, Devocionalies Cristianos, Internetizado.com, Isaac Arriola, La Voz de Galicia, Soyunalbondiga.com, Mi Rincà ³n del Alma, Taringa.net, Tenisweb, Terra.com, Ubuntu-es.org and  3wilio.

Looking At The Transracial Adoption Process Social Work Essay Example

Looking At The Transracial Adoption Process Social Work Essay Example Looking At The Transracial Adoption Process Social Work Essay Looking At The Transracial Adoption Process Social Work Essay This paper summarizes the theoretical conditions environing Transracial acceptance and provides an account of the current and past inclinations as it pertains to Transracial acceptances. The subjects discussed includes transracial acceptance from foster attention, political issues affecting transracial acceptance, judicial issues affecting transracial acceptance, and ends that need to be met by authorities actions. Method of analysis include information aggregation and a reappraisal of literature. Consequences of the analysis shows that society s insensitivenesss may be straight related to the inability of transracial acceptance being every bit successful as antecedently hoped. The paper draws attending to the construction and guidelines of the Foster attention system. The subject of failings does necessitate extra analysis and counteractive steps by legislative and judicial subdivisions of the authorities. Further survey shows that the current policy constructions needs to be reeval uated. The research evaluated certain cardinal commissariats and concludes that the MultiEthnic Placement Act needs to be re-assessed once more so that farther success can be obtained. It is hence recommended that extra analysis be conducted so that this analysis can be farther defined. Introduction Foster attention besides known as resource attention is when a child ( s ) is removed from the place of their biological parent ( s ) and placed into the place and attention of a province certified supplier ( s ) known as a resource/foster parent. Foster/resource attention is intended to be provided on an temporary footing and the services provided to the households are administered through each province s local section of Social Services, who under the counsel of the Child Protection Services ( CPS ) of that province has removed the kid ( ren ) from the attention and place of their biological parent ( s ) after cogent evidence of either physical or mental maltreatment and/or disregard has been documented. Foster attention is non the solution to the job, and as such, it is suppose to be a short-run step with surrogate attention working with the households of the bush leagues in their attention in order to better the life conditions of the place so that the kid ( ren ) can be returned to their place. When this is non an option, kids are so either placed in what is known as a affinity plan or they are placed up for acceptance after the rights of the parents have been terminated with the apprehension that reunion of the household ( before expiration of the rights ) are the topmost of import option before any other options are to be considered. So, why does it look that a job may be with respects to transracial acceptance as it relates to further attention parents of a race different from that of the kid ( ren ) in their attention? The issue that is traveling to be addressed within this survey will be to concentrate on the topic of interracial acceptances within the Foster attention system and exterior of the Foster attention system and how political and judicial figures have in the past and presently manage this sensitive state of affairs. Besides being discussed is whether the Multiethnic Placement Act enacted during President Clinton s disposal continue to be effectual and if so, how? Background What is Transracial Adoption? Transracial acceptance is the puting a kid who is of one race or cultural group with adoptive parents of another race or cultural group ( Adoptive Families, 2010 ) . Transracial acceptance has existed in U.S. history prior to the 1950s ; nevertheless, after the 1950s with the innovation of the modern twenty-four hours birth control ( prophylactic ) pill, lawful abortion rights, etc. , the demand for parents to follow interracially became more predominate. Transracial acceptance from the Foster Care system Transracial acceptance from the Foster attention system is a more desirable pick than to stay in the Foster ( resource ) attention plan ; nevertheless, there do be unwritten regulations which guides the acceptance procedure. Children are staying in surrogate attention longer than necessary or until they age out due to what is known as race matching , which is the thought procedure that a kid should merely be allowed to be adopted by those of the same cultural background as themselves, therefore a Caucasic kid could merely be adopted by a Caucasic couple/individual and a Latino kid could merely be adopted by a Latino couple/individual. There are those who believe that transracial acceptance from foster attention allows for kids within the system the chance to be provided with a lasting and loving place which is particularly true for older kids who would otherwise stay in the Foster attention plan until they aged out or make the age of 18. It is in the best involvement of all kids within the surrogate attention plan that will non be reunified with their biological household to hold the chance to go a portion of a devoted and fostering household who will supply that kid with stableness regardless of the race or ethnicity of the kid being adopted or the household making the acceptance. Based on the Foster attention statistics published by the Child Welfare Information Gateway in 2009 based on determination of the most recent national statistics from the twelvemonth 2006 of the estimated 510,000 kids in Foster attention on September 30, 2006, 23 per centum had a end of acceptance ( US Dept. of Health A ; Human Services, 2009 ) and of the estimated 289,000 kids who exited foster attention during FY 2006, 17 per centum were adopted ( US Dept. of Health A ; Human Services, 2009 ) demoing that a good place and great parents are being provided where otherwise the kids within Foster attention would non happen places and would digest the cost that are associated with being in Foster attention on a long-run footing. Cause for Government intercession MultiEthnic Placement Act ( MEPA ) The MultiEthnic Placement Act of 1994 was put into action in order to take barriers which could forestall kids within the public assistance system ( surrogate attention ) from being provided with a safe and lasting place, well-being, and to guarantee that any Foster attention and acceptance arrangements are non denied based on race or national beginning. Concerns exist that African American kids who are in surrogate attention expecting acceptance and who are finally placed in a transracial places will hold experiences that are damaging to those kids s well being, self-pride, and their cultural individuality. Others stress that more accent should be placed on turn toing ways in which to maintain those kids from holding to be removed from their biological households in the first topographic point and that if those attempts are non successful in forestalling the remotion that more accent should be placed on reunion of the kids with their biological households in order to extinguish the demand for acceptance. In order to bridge the spread between both sides, MEPA was implemented in order to cut down the sum of clip kids had to pass in Foster attention before they were released to be adopted after reunion with the biological household was no longer an option, it was put into action in order to forestall favoritism with respects to how kids are placed in surrogate places and in adoptive places so that these arrangements are non based on national beginning or race, and in conclusion MEPA kind to better the recruiting demands for Foster and adoptive households so that the demands of the kids being brought into attention could be met. MEPA and is it effectual? After the MultiEthnic Placement Act of 1994 was implemented it was so amended in 1996 in order to extinguish some of the ambiguity of the original enacted jurisprudence of 1994 ; nevertheless, in 1998 the act once more received unfavorable judgment because of the continued favoritism within the surrogate attention plan with respects to transracial acceptance. Social/Case workers are charged with working to take the mute regulation of race fiting from the kid public assistance plan and should be seeking to make what is in the best involvement of the kid with respects to placement determinations, nevertheless, this may non needfully ever be the instance as some workers seek to put kids, particularly minority kids within places that support that kid s racial individuality, which means those kids are placed in adoptive places with kids of the same cultural background as themselves which is non needfully a job except when it affects kids, particularly older kids, holding to stay in surrog ate attention because of the inability of the worker to happen an adoptive household of the same cultural background. Issues Political issues affecting Transracial Adoption The issue of transracial acceptance serves as a hot political subject for many grounds and particularly as it relates to how much control each province should hold when it comes to count that affect an person s pick as it pertains to their household life. The provinces attempt at control of an person s household life particularly with respects to transracial relationships can be seen with the 1984 instance of 466 U.S. 429 Palmore v. Sidoti, where a white twosome with one kid together divorced and the female parent was awarded detention of that kid. Later both female parent and male parent remarried to other people ; nevertheless, the female parent married a black adult male which lead to the male parent registering a request in the State of Florida to hold the female parent s rights revoked based on her holding married another race. Florida s Supreme Court ruled in favour of the male parent saying that even though race dealingss have been bettering in the United States, the kid would still endure from societal stigmatisation if she was to stay in the detention of a female parent who was married to a black adult male. A judicial opinion of taking a kid from its female parent detention based entirely on the female parent engagement with another race lead to the State of Florida Supreme Court s opinion being nem con overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court, even though State Supreme Court determinations are normally concluding ( Van Horn, Baumer, Gormley ( 2001 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court justice ruled that the opinion by the State of Florida Supreme Court was and is a misdemeanor of the 14th Amendment which seeks to extinguish all signifiers of racial favoritism that could be imposed by the U.S. Government. The U.S. Supreme Court farther went on to province that it is the responsibility of the State of Florida Suprem e Court to protect kids from being harassed by race nescient persons but that it is was still unconstitutional to protect kids by integrating favoritism and intolerance into jurisprudence. If this is the kind of reaction and determinations that have to be made from a political point of view what does it state for the instance of utilizing race with acceptance arrangement and why those instances are so ill-defined. Judicial issues affecting Transracial Adoption What does it intend when Foster attention refer to what is in the best involvement of the kid ? It is supposed to intend that it is the guiding rules, whereas, any and all determinations made by the judicial system ( tribunals ) with respects to finding how to maintain the kids who are presently in attention safe and how to guarantee that their demands ( the kids s demands and non the parent s ) are being met and that besides includes who is and who will be physically responsible for the safety of the kids that they ( Judgess ) are judicially responsible to and for. Each province refers to the phrase what is in the best involvement of the kid in their ain manner by implementing their ain set of political orientations which help to regulate how the judicial procedure with respects to its Foster and acceptance plan will be handled. It is still hard for each province s judicial system to qualify and place precisely what is in the best involvement of the kid because of its biased/subjective mode. Goals to run into by governmental actions The ends that each local Foster attention and acceptance office should concentrate on, is once more, what is in the best involvement of the kids and if reunion is non an option so the focal point must instantly be redirected to looking for adoptive places for the kids in attention. The primary concentration of governmental actions as it relates to the importance of the kids in the Foster attention plan waiting for acceptance should be focused on the adoptive guiding rule, ordinances, and processs. . Another end that needs to be met by governmental actions is the alterations or revisions needed by the MultiEthnic Placement Act of 1994 so that the consideration of race becomes a factor ; nevertheless, it should non be the lone factor when a kid is being placed in a prospective adoptive place and when transracial acceptance is the option being kind, the adoptive parents must be advised as to how transracial parenting issues have to be addressed for the benefit of the kid or kids they are following or sing following and station adoptive services should be provided to assist the transracial households meet the demands of their adoptive kid ( ren ) . Adoptive services provided by the provinces foster/adoption attention plans that arise from foster attention should actively seek possible households who meet the demands of the kids in Foster attention, particularly those households holding the same cultural background, where the race or ethnicity of kids presently in Foster attention a re 40 % Caucasic, 31 % Afro-american, 20 % Hispanic, and 1 % Asiatic ; 8 % other . ( Caughman, S. , 2010 ) The last end that needs to be met by governmental actions would be to back up the attempts of the kid ( ren ) by leting for the kids to stay with their biological household, a service that provide drawn-out support, every bit good as, fiscal services to those households and the kids staying in the affinity plan. Realization Problems What are the realisation jobs being faced by transracial acceptance as it relates to further attention in the United States? Has the involvement of our foster/adoption attention changed from the demands of our kids to the demands of the perspective adoptive parents? The demands of our kids within the surrogate attention plan and those within the acceptance plan will non be served until we as a society can admit that race has an of import affect. One job that can be seen with transracial acceptance is that it is non turn toing the demands of the older kids who remain in the Foster attention plan and alternatively seems to be giving penchant to those who seek merely to follow babies or yearling age kids who become available after expiration rights have been dissolved. Transracial acceptance demands to be redefined and to see if what is presently go oning is a consequence of switching our focal point from run intoing the demands of our kids to run intoing the demands of those grownups wishing to go parents. There is a important demand to happen ways in which to supply our kids who are in surrogate attention with the sort of fostering that will enable our kids to turn and lend to the society in which they live as productive grownups. In order for our kids to be comfy with their heritage after acceptance, the adoptive parents must be willing to confront the worlds as they pertain to race in the United States and they must be willing to let and supply for their adopted kid to hold chances for relationships and fond regards with the community in which they are a portion, which can be accomplished besides by supplying the kid with a supportive environment, positive experiences with their civilization and a diverse manner of life so that the kid ( ren ) can experience a comfort with the universe in which they are a portion. Decision The findings is that oppositions of transracial acceptance believe that surrogate kids being placed for acceptance should be of the same cultural group ( race ) which will supply the kid ( ren ) with the ability to hold a life full of cultural profusion and racial heritage. Those in favour of transracial acceptance believe that it does non count with respects to the cultural background of the adoptive households every bit long as the household is loving and can run into the demands of the kid being adopted and that race should non be a factor. It, nevertheless, is critical that the focal point of acceptance from foster attention be focused on the involvement of the kids who are in demand of a lasting place and it should non be focused on functioning the involvement of the adoptive household, the societal worker, nor the political sphere charged with looking out for the best involvement of those being served .the kids. Biography Caughman, S. ( 2010 ) . Resources for Parents Adopting from Foster Care. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.adoptivefamilies.com/foster/ Supreme Court of the United States. ( 1984 ) . Palmore v. Sidoti 466 U.S. 429. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //scholar.google.com/scholar_case? case=5853206159663402042 A ; hl=en A ; as_sdt=2 A ; as_vis=1 A ; oi=scholarr Transracial/Transcultural Adoption. ( 2010 ) . Retrieved August 18, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //transracial.adoption.com/ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children A ; Families. ( 2009 ) . Foster Care Statistics. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/foster.cfm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children A ; Families. ( 2009 ) . A Guide to The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994. As Amended by the Interethnic Adoption Provisions of 1996. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/mepa94/ Van Horn, C.E. , Baumer, D.C. , A ; Gormley Jr. , W.T. ( 2001 ) . Politics and Public Policy ( 3rd Ed. ) . Washing, DC: CQ Press.

Violence Against Women Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Violence Against Women - Research Proposal Example rape, domestic violence, sexual harassment, coercive use of contraceptives, female genital mutilation, female infanticide, prenatal sex selection, obstetric violence and ,mob violence, honor killing, dowry violence, marriage by abduction and forced marriage, stalking and violence by police and other authority figure. Women suffer a lot due to the fact that bad acts done on them go unreported due to inadequate reporting processes, taboos, norms, stigma and the level of sensitivity of the subject. Cultural justifications responsible for the some of the acts are accepted by some states and societies claiming that they are defending their cultures. Cultures are the major cause and contributors to this violence. Health issue such as HIV/AIDS can be good example of cause that leads to violence. Health care of women who are culprits of violence incurs more cost than those not subjected to violence. To curb these problem campaign have been launched to educate women on their rights and proper ways of reporting to the authorities. In her book, Kate shows the seriousness of violence against women with the opinion that violence and mistreatments against women could be the primal cause of the increased conflicts and disagreements in societies, given that the women revolution is here with us today. She therefore advocates for social and current remedies to deal with the situation. In this book, violence against women and mistreatments are seen as the major reason why there is increased family violence in many homes today. The concern is that nothing has been done to deal with the situation. Procedures should be developed to save families. In this e-journal, Oaks insists on the importance of rethinking on how women should be treated in the society. Acts such as sexual harassment and unequal gender-based opportunities are great challenges that every society should deal with today. The book by Joan is a collection ideas and insights of professionals working with women,

Principles of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Principles of Economics - Essay Example The recession that began in 2007 was caused by the ‘sharp downturns’ in the housing, stock and labor markets. This resulted to changes in the global economy as well. The recession led to increased inflation, high interest rates, high rates of unemployment, contraction of the economy and reduced consumer confidence. Finally, interest rates was the main contributing factor to the recession as banks offered low interest rates causing the demand for loans and mortgages to increase which contributed to the skyrocketing levels of inflation in the past five years. Strategies that the federal government could implement that would encourage people to spend more money Decisions made by the federal government have a profound impact on peoples spending which in turn affects the employment activities in the economy. The first policy that can be employed by the government is through supporting economically competitive areas. As a result, this increases the income levels in such commun ities thereby increasing their level of spending. This move will lead to a reduction of costs across regions and improve the overall environmental, housing and transportation needs. Examples of such initiatives include the EPA’s Smart Growth Program and the HUD’s Sustainability Office both aimed at improving the living standards of the citizens (Smart Growth America, 2013). The second policy is by putting in place a mechanism that ensures an accountable and safer transportation system to promote efficient trade thereby creating job opportunities. Examples of policies that support this include the Complete Street Act and the Clean, Low-Emission, Affordable, New Transportation Efficiency Act (Smart Growth America, 2013). A Situation in the Past 50 years in which the Government Used Anti-Trust Policies to Stop a Monopoly from Occurring The best example of such a situation is the Microsoft Corporation case that is regarded as the most recent situation where the anti- trust law has been applied accordingly. The law is based on universal ethics consideration and the Microsoft Corporation is said to have violated it as it failed to establish the effects of its outstanding success on its competitors and society in general (Mankiw, 2007). One thing is certain, although the company may have had ethical issues; their innovations have totally changes technology in the world. The justice department strongly believes that the company used monopoly in operating system software to eliminate its rivals and establish dominance in the market. In the long- run this will have detrimental effects on the consumers resulting from fewer choices and less competition. The government points out that Microsoft has undertaken in actions to promote its Windows monopoly which violates the anti- trust laws. The government also maintains that the company has used its market leadership to monopolize the internet browsing software market. In addition to, the company is said to have violated the anti- competitive acts (Mankiw, 2007). The company’s defense is based on the fact that it is simply trying to develop its products and that its activities are and there is no basis of consumer indignation being claimed by the government. In conclusion, Microsoft Corporation has been facing the anti- trust legislation for a couple of years now. It has been observed that this may have led to some sought of restrained trade

American Indians and horse culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Indians and horse culture - Essay Example Makes me wonder how nomads make it? They abuse and take off. No holds bar to sentimentality or reason because this does not stay factual to them. They keep on relocating- must they be finding something they subconsciously know can never be theirs? The persistence results to instability and desire for what is not present. It seems as if we people, from all cultures relish the idea of wanting the impossible. The myth that lies between nomads comes real today because people endlessly desire and at the end of it all, they lose all of the little they ever had. Do people want anything they are not ? Unconventional approach is what the writer used in this poem and the directive phrases and words comprise a tone of demand that yields the inner questioning he has for himself. There is a constant mention of the horse culture. The relation of each of the characters presiding in the plot are brought about a commonality and this would be the horse culture. Inconsistent, unstable and restless – qualities of the people he is referring to. This I believe are the same people I deal with each and everyday. Everybody is a half-breed struggling to learn about their horse culture – One of the last lines in the poem that struck me the most and led me to my thesis statement. The struggle and competition is never ending because people want more and more when there is not much to consume aside from each other. This American Indian heritage symbolizes the globalization of all humanities that have converged to meet the demands of disorienting racial discrimination. People are opening their minds all across the globe to get the best of everything – since standards are rising, they must keep up. Their own â€Å"ghosts† – at least they ones they named for themselves are rapidly approaching and they must escape.

Navigating the Legislative Process in Analysis Autism as a Mental Research Paper

Navigating the Legislative Process in Analysis Autism as a Mental Disorder - Research Paper Example    This is to say that if the different legislative houses are controlled by different parties then it would require time and patience for any meaningful progress to be made. Similarly, it also requires that relationships and a good rapport are created before any meaningful progress is made. It also requires that one understands and respects the system because it is only through due diligence that the end result would be realized, and that is good legislative outcome or laws. This stems from the fact that autism is a lifelong disorder which has been subjected to misconceptions and stereotypes. As much as it is a pervasive disorder which affects the development of speech, movement and other functions of the body, autism is manageable and controllable. Thus, people with autism may suffer from uncoordinated speech, movement and suffer a short memory span, if proper actions are taken accordingly. Conventionally, misconceptions and half-truth have always clouded the whole notion of autism thus hindering any genuine attempts to address autism holistically. The legislative process in its simplest aspect influences the legislators because it allows them to confine their reasoning’s and arguments within due process. This stems from the fact that there is acrimony in the legislative houses because different legislators represent different parties, interests, and parties (Steuernagel, 2005). Thus, it is the irreducible minimum that each and every law is subjected under a thorough scrutiny before it is passed. This would only occur through patience and when the house would have conferred on the aptness of the laws. Thus, it requires the legislators to be patient and comply with the due process of law.